IHRL International Human Rights Law and the Constitution of Bangladesh

 RESEARCH MONOGRAPH

ON

Application of International  Human Rights Law under the Constitution of the people's Republic of Bangladesh, 1972

Md. Ahsan Howlader Siam

ID: 20151019106

Department of Law

North Western University

Date of Submission: 31th January, 2020

#Full_Research

LETTER OF SUBMISSION   

Date: January, 2020

To

The Head

Department of Law

North Western University

Subject: Prayer for Submission of Research Monograph.

Sir,

It is a great opportunity for me to submit the Research Monograph of "Application of International Human Rights under the Constitution of People's Republic of Bangladesh, 1972". Which done this research monograph. I have tried my level best to make this thesis paper to required standard. I hope that, this paper will fulfill your expectation and make you satisfied.

I am always available for any clarification of any part of this paper at your convenience. 

Sincerely Yours

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Department of Law

North Western University   

DECLARATION 

I do hereby declare that, work presented in the research is entirely the result of my own work for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of LL.B (Hon's) of North Western University. I have honesty cited all my source including books, newspaper, Internet e.t.c

This work has not been submitted any other degree in any other educational institution. 

Researcher:

ID: 

Program: 

Batch: 

Department of Law

North Western University

ACKNOWLEDGEDMENT

At first, I would like to thank Almighty Allah for giving me the strength, knowledge, ability and opportunity to undertake this research study and to persevere and complete it satisfactorily. 

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my honorable research supervisor, #Name Senior Lecturer, Department of Law and my entire teachers Department of Law, North Western University, for his patience, motivation and Immense Knowledge. His guidance helped me in the whole process of research and writing of this research paper. Without his valuable advice, direction, supervision and continuous instruction, it would not be possible to complete this research paper property. Also, I am really thankful to all the people who provided important information related to the research and helped me in different ways. Special thanks to those without whose necessary data this study might be possible to complete. They are cooperative and very helpful. 

Finally, I must expressly very profound gratitude to my parents and to my batch mates for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement through out my years of the study and through the process of researching and writing this research paper. It is very lest but not the last thanks to all my group members who shared this time now and then.

Researcher

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Program: 

Batch: 

Department of Law

North Western University

ABSTRACT

This paper is an attempt to explore fundamental rights which is incorporated in our constitution on the basis of international human rights law. Bangladesh is a country situated in the Bay of Bengal having over 160 million of people. In spite of ratification of many international human rights instruments, every year many people are deprived to exercise fundamental rights because of political unrest. The Fundamental Rights of Bangladesh Constitution themselves have no fixed content, most of them are empty vessels into which is generation must pour its content in the light of experience. The study intends to examine violation of fundamental rights and desirability of judicial activism in the fulfillment of such right. The main purpose of this paper is to ensure fundamental rights by imposing the international human rights instruments by the political parties as well as our domestic court. 

Table of Contents

Title Page                                                                                                  Page 

Title Page

LETTER OF SUBMISSION-----------------------------------

DECLARATION----------------------------------------------------

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT-----------------------------------------

TABLE OF CONTENTS-----------------------------------------

CHAPTER-ONE

Introduction

1.1 Introduction----------------------------------------------------

1.2 Reasons for choosing topic---------------------------

1.3 Scope and Object of the Research-----------------

1.4 Limitation of Research-----------------------------------

1.5 Methodology of the Research-------------------------

1.6 Hypothesis-----------------------------------------------------

1.7 Literature Review--------------------------------------------

1.8 Research Question-----------------------------------------

1.9 Chapter Outline----------------------------------------------

1.10 Conclusion---------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER – TWO 

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

2.1 Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.2 What is Human Rights --------------------------------------------------------

2.3 The Birth of the United Nations-------------------------------------------

2.4 International Law Protect Human Rights-----------------------------

2.5 Evolution and Development of International Human Rights Law--

2.6 Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-THREE

AN ANALYSIS ON THE LIGHT OF  INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS

3.1Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2 Fundamental Rights-----------------------------------------------------------

3.3 Human Rights--------------------------------------------------------------------

3.4 Implementation of International Human Rights Law----------

3.5 Differences Between Human Rights and Fundamental Rights---------

3.6 Application of Fundamental rights in Bangladesh Constitution------

3.7 Enforcement of Fundamental Rights----------------------------

3.8 Constitutional Guarantees or Remedies-----------------------

3.9 Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER - FOUR

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------

4.2 Finding of the study----------------------------------------------------

4.3 Recommendations------------------------------------------------------

4.4 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER – ONE

Introductory  

1.1 Introduction:

Human rights are moral principles that describe certain standards of human behavior and are regularly protected as legal rights in municipal and international law. They are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being's and which are inherent in all human being's regardless of their nation, location, language, religion, ethnic origami or any other status. They are applicable everywhere and at every time in the sense of being universal, and they are egalitarian in the sense of being the same for everyone. They are regarded as requiring empathy and the rule of law and imposing an obligation on person's to respect the human rights of others, and it is generally considered that they should not be taken away except as a result of due process based on specific circumstance.

The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law, global and regional institutions. Actions by states and nongovernmental originations from a basis of public policy worldwide. The idea of human rights suggests that if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights.

1.2 Reasons for choosing topic:

Children are the future. They need to know their human rights and know that they must take responsibility to protect themselves and their peers. As they become aware and active in this cause, the message travels far and wide, and someday universal human rights will be a fact, not just an idealistic dream.

The United Nations General Assembly proposed that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights be disseminated, displayed, read and other educational institutions, without distinction based on the political status of countries or territories. 

1.3 Scope and Object of the Research: 

In their contemporary manifestation human rights are a set of individual and collective rights that have been formally promoted and protected through international and domestic law since the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Arguments, theories, protections, and violations of such rights however, have been in existence for much longer but since the Universal Declaration, the evolution of their express legal protection has grown rapidly. Today the numerous international treaties on human rights promulgated since the Universal Declaration to which an increasingly large number of nation states are a party define the core of content of human rights that ought to be protected across categories of civil, political, economic, and social and solidarity rights. 

Specific object of the study is given below-

a) To know about Human Rights.

b) To know about history of Human rights.

c) To know about Human Rights under Bangladesh Constitution.

1.4 Limitation of Research: 

My research topic is "Application of Human Rights Law under The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 1972". It has worked on the Application of Human Rights the Constitution of Bangladesh upon its controversial and deferent law's.

This study is important for of all us and also the government to take necessary steps for the Application of Human Rights the Constitution of Bangladesh. 

I have faced many problems at the time of making this research. As there is no previous research upon this topic. I have analysis the present concept of The Bangladesh Constitution. 

1.5 Methodology of the Research: 

At the time of preparing on this research monograph I have followed qualitative methods.

In qualitative method I have analyzed the present concept of the Bangladesh Constitution.

1.6 Hypothesis:

The preliminary Assumption of this research monograph on "Application of Human Rights Law in our Legal System" is given below-

Right to life and state existence in independent Bangladesh

Different state government's role and judiciary support for human life.

Human rights protect to human life

Constitutional law which is prescribed for human development.

A state's authority which approved to deferent decisions.

Administrative support and it's responsibly for people's.

1.7 Literature Review:

This research project is not only about international human rights, but also about progress regarding poverty reduction and development planning in Bangladesh. Therefore, these three basic concepts are required to be addressed and analyzed for the purpose of framing theory and of successful implementation of the project. These concepts are themselves deep rooted in their use and practice along with a huge volume of literature both separately and jointly with manifold thoughts, ideologies and implementation. For the purpose of the project these concepts are reviewed individually. Along with that the nexus point that is the role of human rights in poverty alleviation and development planning is also reviewed within the available literature.

1.8 Research Question:

The Assumption of this research monograph on "Application of Human Rights under The Bangladesh Constitution is the Human Rights Law application in Bangladesh under our constitution.

1.9 Chapter Outline:

Chapter: 1: deals with Introduction Human Rights

Chapter: 2: deals with Human Rights and History

Chapter: 3: deals with an Analysis on the International Human Rights Law.

Chapter: 4: deals with Recommendation and Conclusion.

1.10 Conclusion: 

Human Rights known as Fundamental Rights substantially in accord with the rules of the International Bill of Human Rights. Rights enshrined in the chapter include such rights as equality of all irrespective of religion. The Fundamental Rights provision shall to the extent of such inconsistency become void on the commencement of the constitution.

The practice of Human Rights Law in our Legal System is a big matter. It helps us to ensure the human rights. Now a days Human Rights violated always. All the law about Human Rights helps us to prevent the violation. For these Human Rights so most important thing in our life.

CHAPTER TWO

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

2.1 Introduction: 

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is generally agreed to be the foundation of international human rights law. Adopted in 1948, the UDHR has inspired a rich body of legally binding international human rights treaties. It continues to be an inspiration to us all whether in addressing injustices, in times of conflicts, in societies suffering repression, and in our efforts towards achieving universal enjoyment of human rights.

It represents the universal recognition that basic rights and fundamental freedoms are inherent to all human beings, inalienable and equally applicable to everyone, and that every one of us is born free and equal in dignity and rights. Whatever our nationality, place of residence, gender, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status, the international community on December 10-1948 made a commitment to upholding dignity and justice for all of us.

2.2 What is Human Rights?

Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death. They apply regardless of where you are from, what you believe or how you choose to live your life.

They can never be taken away, although they can sometimes be restricted for example if a person breaks the law, or in the interests of national security.

These basic rights are based on shared values like dignity, fairness, equality, respect and independence. These values are defined and protected by law. In Britain our human rights are protected by the Human Rights Act 1998. 

2.3 The Birth of the United Nations:

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 1948, was the result of the experience of the Second World War. With the end of that war, and the creation of the United Nations, the international community vowed never again to allow atrocities like those of that conflict happen again. World leaders decided to complement the UN Charter with a road map to guarantee the rights of every individual everywhere. The document they considered, and which would later become the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, was taken up at the first session of the General Assembly in 1946. 

The Assembly reviewed this draft Declaration on Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms and transmitted it to the Economic and Social Council for reference to the Commission on Human Rights for consideration, in its preparation of an international bill of rights. The Commission, at its first session early in 1947, authorized its members to formulate what it termed "a preliminary draft International Bill of Human Rights". Later the work was taken over by a formal drafting committee, consisting of members of the Commission from eight states, selected with due regard for geographical distribution.

2.4 International Law Protect Human Rights:

International human rights law lays down obligations which States are bound to respect. By becoming parties to international treaties, States assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfill human rights. The obligation to respect means that States must refrain from interfering with or curtailing the enjoyment of human rights. The obligation to protect requires States to protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses. The obligation to fulfill means that States must take positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights.

Through ratification of international human rights treaties, Governments undertake to put into place domestic measures and legislation compatible with their treaty obligations and duties. The domestic legal system, therefore, provides the principal legal protection of human rights guaranteed under international law. Where domestic legal proceedings fail to address human rights abuses, mechanisms and procedures for individual and group complaints are available at the regional and international levels to help ensure that international human rights standards are indeed respected, implemented, and enforced at the local level.

2.5 Evolution and Development of International Human Rights Law:

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and indeed much of new international law of human rights radically changed theory and practice of the law of nations was the gross violations of human rights that were committed in and by certain countries during and immediately before the Second World War For it was these atrocities that fostered the climate of word opinion which made it possible of the Francisco make the promotion of the respect for rights and fundamental freedoms "for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religions, on of the pillar son which the United Nations was created and stated purpose of the Organization. It was this foundation that the new International law of Human Rights was built. 

2.6 Conclusion:

Many United States Presidents such as Abraham Lincoln, Franklin, Roosevelt, Johnson, and Jimmy Carter have taken strong stands for human rights. In other countries leaders like Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Nelson Mandela have brought about great changes under the banner of human rights.

Human rights are an idea whose time has come. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a call to freedom and justice for people throughout the world. Every day governments that violate the rights of their citizens are challenged and called to task. Every day human beings worldwide mobilize and confront injustice and inhumanity. 

CHAPTER THREE

AN ANALYSIS ON THE LIGHT OF  INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS

3.1 Introduction: 

33, years have passed since we achieved our independent. But none of fundamental principal has been implementing to its full swim. Rural electrification, promotion cottage, industries, separation of judiciary from executive, eradication of poverty and unemployment population control all these are yet to be done.

It, however would be would be wrong to say that nothing has yet been achieved. Some extent rural electrification communication development, woman education etc. have been done. State has also passed law fixing a ceiling for the land to the passed by individual. It has made primary education free and compulsory; laws have been mad as regards prohibition of intoxication drink and drugs. Much effective work, however have not be done. 

It can't be denied however, that the problem like eradication poverty achieving full equipment, equable distribution of national wealth rising living standard are colossal, indeed and no government whatever be its complexion are achieve miracle.

3.2 Fundamental Rights: 

The term Fundamental rights is very technical one, for when certain human rights are written down in a constitution and protected by constitutional guarantees they called fundamental rights. They are called fundamental rights in the sense that they are placed in supreme or fundamental law of the land which has a supreme or fundamental law of the state.

Fundamental rights are a generally regarded set of legal protections in the context of a legal system, where in such system is itself based upon this same set of basic, fundamental, or inalienable rights.

3.3 Human Rights: 

Human rights are universal absolute and fundamental moral claims, in the sense that they belong to all human beings, they are inalienable and are basic to real living. 

3.4 Implementation of International Human Rights Law:

Apart from constitution of Bangladesh regarding human rights, Bangladesh now incurs obligations under international human rights law with regard to human rights. It acceded to the ICCPR in 2000 and the ICESCR in 1998 and therefore it has the obligations to implement rights recognized in there treaties. The UN Charter contains some important provisions regarding human rights. Thus interim Constitution through above declaration ultimately recognized human rights.

3.5 Differences Between Human Rights and Fundamental Rights:

Firstly, all fundamental rights are human rights but all human rights are not fundamental rights. Fundamental rights are those of human rights which are placed in a written constitution. Human rights, therefore, are the whole of which fundamental rights are a part.

Secondly, the source of a fundamental right is the Constitution whereas the source of human rights is the international law.

Thirdly, fundamental rights have territorial limitations i.e. they have no application as fundamental rights outside the territory of a particular state. But human rights have no territorial limitations; they have universal application.

Fourthly, fundamental rights are protected by constitutional guarantees and can be enforced through State mechanisms; but there is no effective enforcement machinery for human rights.

Fifthly, fundamental rights are largely applicable to the citizens while human rights are universally applicable to all human being.

3.6 Application of  Fundamental rights in Bangladesh Constitution:

Part three of the constitution enumerates a host of rights called fundamental rights. The fundamental rights in Bangladesh are listed under Articles 27 to 44 and the jurisdiction of the high court Division of the Supreme Court to enforce the rights is defined in Article 102 of Part Vl of the Constitution of 1972

Right to equality:

Articles 27 and 28 of the Constitution states that all citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law, and the State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.

Protection of law:

In the Constitution, Article 31 and 32 ensures the protection of the law, and to be treated in accordance with law, is the inalienable right of every citizen, and no action detrimental to the life, personal liberty, body, reputation or property of any person shall be taken except in accordance with law. 

Equality of opportunity:

Equality of opportunity, for all citizens in respect of employment or office in the service of the Republic irrespective of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, ensured by Article 29. Nothing in this article shall impede the State from making special provision in favor of any specific backward section of citizens. 

Safeguards as to arrest and detention:

Article 33 of Constitution illustrates that, no arrested person shall be detained in custody without being informed of the grounds for such arrest, nor shall he be denied the right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice.

Prohibition against forced labor:

Article 34 prohibits forced labor, and any violation of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law. Nothing in this article shall apply to obligatory labor by persons undergoing lawful punishment for a criminal offence, or required by any law for public purposes. 

Protection in respect of trail and punishment:

Article 35 states that no person shall be convicted of any offence except for contravention of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act accused as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than, or different from, that which might have been caused under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence. Accused criminal offence upholds the right to a speedy and public trial by an independent and impartial court or tribunal established by law. No citizen shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment or treatment.

Freedom of movement:

Freedom of movement has ensured by Article 36 which shows that subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the public interest, every citizen have the right to move freely throughout the country, and to reside & settle in any place therein and to leave and re-enter Bangladesh.

Freedom of assembly:

As per Articles 37 and 38 every citizen shall have the right to form associations or unions, to assemble and to participate in public meetings and processions peacefully and without arms, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interests of morality, public order or public health. 

Freedom of thought and conscience:

Freedom of thought and conscience is guaranteed in Article 39 of the Constitution. Subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interests of the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence the right of every citizen to freedom of speech and expression, and freedom of the press are guaranteed.

 

Freedom of occupation, religion and property:

Article 40 provides that subject to any restrictions imposed by law, every citizen shall have the right to enter upon any lawful profession or occupation, and to conduct any lawful trade or business. 

Article 41 provides that every citizen has the right to profess, practice or propagates any religion, and every religious community has the right to establish, maintain and manage its religious institutions. Article 42 of the Constitution every citizen shall have the right to acquire, hold, transfer or otherwise dispose of property, and no property shall be compulsorily acquired, nationalized or requisitioned save by authority of law. 

Right to enforce fundamental rights:

Article 44 guarantees the right of every citizen to move the High Court Division in accordance with clause (1) of Article 102 for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution.

18 fundamental rights have been enumerated in the Constitution commencing from Article 27 to 44. All of these rights are civil and political rights. These 18 fundamental rights may be firstly divided into two groups: 

Rights granted to all persons citizens and non-citizens alike. These are six rights enumerated in Articles 32, 33, 34, 35, 41 and 44 of the Constitution. 

Rights granted to citizens of Bangladesh only. These are 12 rights enumerated in Articles 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42 and 43. 

3.7 Enforcement of Fundamental Rights

The insertion of fundamental rights in a constitution becomes meaningless if it is not provided by the Constitution for easy and effective procedure for their enforcement. And this easy and effective enforcement should be available not only against the executive but also against the legislative. If the executive does anything in violation of fundamental rights, the citizens must have a remedy. Similarly if the legislature enacts any law which is inconsistent with any of the fundamental rights, there must be procedure to declare that law unconstitutional. The idea of protection of fundamental rights can be best understood from the American Declaration of Independence, 1776 where it is stated.

That all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and pursuit of happiness;

The Declaration, therefore, has laid the almost emphasis on the enforcement of rights that if the people's rights for the protection of which the government is formed, cannot be enforced then the government would be useless. The importance of remedies to enforce fundamental rights has also got recognition in Articles 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 which states.

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunal for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

3.8 Constitutional Guarantees or Remedies:

Though it is a claim of a written constitution embodying fundamental rights that effective constitutional remedies for the enforcement of fundamental rights should be provided for by the Constitution itself, practical experience teaches us that some of the written constitutions do not specifically provide for the remedies in the Constitution. The US and the French Constitutions are two of them. But most of the written constitutions provide for the right to constitutional remedies in case of violation of fundamental rights. This right to constitutional remedy has two dimensions- judicial review and judicial enforcement. Judicial review in relation to fundamental rights is provided for with a view to enforcing fundamental rights against the legislature. In other words, if the legislature passes any law which is inconsistent with the fundamental rights, the highest seat of the judiciary must have the jurisdiction to declare that law unconstitutional. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh can exercise this jurisdiction under Articles 26 and 102 of the Constitution.

3.9 Conclusion: 

Human rights in Bangladesh are enshrined as fundamental rights in part ||| of the Constitution of Bangladesh. However, Constitutional and legal expert's believe many of the country's are require reform to enforce fundamental rights are century. Proposed reforms include strengthening parliamentary supremacy, judicial independence, the separation of power, repealing laws which restrain freedom of the press and disbanding security agencies which violate civil liberties.

CHAPTER - FOUR

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Introduction:

The term fundamental right is technical one, for when certain human rights are written down in a constitution and protected by constitutional guarantees they are called fundamental rights. They are called fundamental rights in that sense that they are placed in the supreme or fundamental law of the land which has a supreme society over all other law of the land. Article 26 to 47 of Bangladesh e.g. the right to freedom and profession.

4.2 Finding of the Study:

International law cannot be implemented at domestic level without efforts of States. The implementation is proceeded by accepting international treaties, practicing international customs and following general principles of international law. Conversely, states have legislative mechanism to regulate domestic affairs properly and it has judiciary to enforce laws. As States enacted domestic laws in compliance with international law. The present paper would be an effort to look into the attitudes of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh towards international law through analyzing cases decided by the Court pertaining to the question of treaty law, customary international law, general principles of international law, guidelines and declaration, resolutions of international organizations.

4.3 Recommendations:

The analytical findings have led to the development of a set of recommendations actions that maybe effective in attaining equality in all spheres of live in context of Bangladesh.

The government should have to practice democratic culture in all forms of decision making process, establish respect on others opinions and remove political biasness in the state functionaries unethical influence in the judiciary and in force the political representation which committed and corruption free leadership.

Bangladesh is required none efforts for strengthening and consolidating the institution structures, including the National Human Rights-Commission, the Anti Corruption Commission, The Election Commission, which promote governance, democracy, human rights and the rule of law. 

Bangladesh should have to strengthen the partnership between public and private institutions including NGO and media in the promotion and protection of human rights of all.

Bangladesh should have to maintain it's  obligation under the international treaties and conventions to which it is a party, and to invest more effort in effective implementation of relevant programs.

By promotion moral education together with text books may increase consciousness about human rights. 

By providing more information about human rights among the general people human rights may increase.

The provide special training to the judge having jurisdiction to approve the special circumstance. Because this training will able elicit human rights. 

4.4 Conclusion:

No doubt Bangladesh Constitution contains all the good principles of human rights, these are all fundamental to the development of a human being, but unless the constitutional provisions are properly brought to book no relief will give to the common people Bangladesh. The political parties, while in power, hardly make any attempt voluntarily to strengthen the bases of democracy and human rights. Human Rights have emerged to be one of the core fundamental rights since it gives positive rights to citizens of a state as individuals. Individual rights have to be attended as they provide concrete human rights, such as rights to freedom from torture and inhuman treatment right to liberty, right to freedom of movement, freedom of speech and more. Most importantly it provides the right to life. The above issues could also be addressed by statutory regulation should constitutional amendment be considered too ambitious. It is also possible to address the problem by making special approaches to specific categories of treaties and customs e.g. A Bill of Rights incorporating all human rights universally recognized as such as well as all rights enshrined in international human right instruments to which Bangladesh is a part of domestic law as well. This would substantially serve the cause of protection, promotion and development of human rights.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Statute's:

The Constitution of Republic Peoples of Bangladesh 1972

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

The American Declaration of Independent 1776

Books:

1. Halim, MD. Abdul, Constitution, Constitutional Law and Politics: Bangladesh Perspective, Eleven Edition, CCB FOUNDATION: LITING THE DARK, Dhaka, 2018.

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